Hagoromo, also called the Sage of Six Paths, had the Six Paths Powers. These powers came from his Rinnegan and the unique chakra he got from his mom, Kaguya Otsutsuki.
As the series progressed, fans discovered various ways to get Six Paths Powers. One major way is by getting the Rinnegan, which is a form of Six Paths power itself.
Karma is a seal from an Otsutsuki's genes. It's put into a chosen vessel, extracting and replacing the vessel's genetic data with the Otsutsuki's over time.